{ "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "baselineCount": 157, "finalCount": 163, "minimumDocuments": 4, "coverageRationale": "Colorado 0→2; South Dakota 0→1; Tucson region 0→2 within Arizona 5→7; Intel-owned computing 0→1. Distinct campuses, not phases or factories.", "projects": [ { "id": "global-ai-weld", "title": "Global AI Weld / former Kodak campus", "location": "United States / Colorado / Windsor / unincorporated Weld County — representative locality pin", "region": "Colorado", "country": "United States", "subregion": "Colorado", "continent": "North America", "coords": [ 40.48, -104.9 ], "precision": "Approximate locality only; not surveyed parcel, entrance or building coordinates", "company": "Global AI (Colorado), LLC; PVREA; Greeley/Windsor water pathways", "companyRoles": {}, "readiness": "Approved / pre-construction", "status": "Final land-use approval September 9; further permits and durable utility service unresolved", "stage": "Final land-use approval September 9; further permits and durable utility service unresolved", "capacity": "Applicant’s 27.5 MW phase one; 35 MW will-serve evidence is not energized IT load", "milestone": "Issued permit suite, executed power/water arrangements and documented customer service", "facts": [ { "issuer": "Weld County", "publicationDate": "2026-09-10", "eventDate": "2026-09-09", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.weld.gov/Newsroom/2026-News/Weld-County-Commissioners-approve-Global-AI-data-center-permit", "text": "September 9 final 5–0 land-use approval of USR26-0019 for Global AI (Colorado), LLC. Covers reuse of the existing industrial facility, not the entire former Kodak property. Required building, electrical, mechanical, fire, utility and environmental approvals remain separate; future phases require review.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Town of Windsor", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://register.windsorgov.com/1452/AI-Data-Center-Project-Information", "text": "July 28/August 3 updates describe a site outside town jurisdiction. Conditional water/wastewater will-serve letter depends on annexation and is not an executed service agreement. Earlier county-review discussion is superseded by the September decision.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Colorado Public Radio", "publicationDate": "2026-09-10", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.cpr.org/2026/09/10/weld-county-officials-approve-data-center/", "text": "Original reporting places the 41-acre application within a 438-acre acquired property. Describes closed-loop cooling, noise monitoring and decommissioning plan/bond conditions. County officials reported earlier compliance issues resolved in August; no operation was verified.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Colorado Newsline / KUNC", "publicationDate": "2026-09-12", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.kunc.org/news/2026-09-12/weld-county-commissioners-approve-permit-for-global-ai-data-center", "text": "Sara Wilson reporting describes applicant’s 35 MW PVREA will-serve letter against a 27.5 MW first phase, with delivery-duration objections. Company opening forecast is not operation; 1 GW by 2029 refers to its network ambition. KUNC/Newsline syndications count as one underlying document.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Colorado Public Radio", "publicationDate": "2026-08-07", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.cpr.org/2026/08/07/weld-county-ai-data-center/", "text": "Public-record investigation describes historical stop-work disputes and wholesale power constraints, including declining availability after 2028. Later-phase Bloom fuel cells were an applicant proposal; no state air application as of July 29. This is not a vendor award or current permit search.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "DatacenterDynamics", "publicationDate": "2026-02-09", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/global-ai-set-to-develop-data-center-outside-denver-colorado/", "text": "Background discovery cites a reported $15.6 million November 2025 property purchase and early development scenarios. Draws on Denver Business Journal, so it is not additional corroboration of that original story. Purchase price is not campus capex.", "kind": "Independent specialist reporting", "accessible": true } ], "power": null, "demand": null, "funding": null, "model": "AI / data-center campus development", "economics": "Our analysis: adaptive reuse lowers the need to establish a new industrial location, but entitlement has value only if reliable power and water turn into permitted, funded computing. Reported $15.6 million property consideration is distinct from retrofit costs and total campus investment. No campus financing close, tenant income or public-company earnings contribution is established.", "gaps": "Current power duration, executed water terms, issued building/environmental permits, funding, equipment orders, tenants and delivered computing remain unknown.", "readinessBasis": "Final land-use approval September 9; further permits and durable utility service unresolved; only the documented phase is classified.", "readinessSource": { "issuer": "Weld County", "publicationDate": "2026-09-10", "eventDate": "2026-09-09", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.weld.gov/Newsroom/2026-News/Weld-County-Commissioners-approve-Global-AI-data-center-permit", "text": "September 9 final 5–0 land-use approval of USR26-0019 for Global AI (Colorado), LLC. Covers reuse of the existing industrial facility, not the entire former Kodak property. Required building, electrical, mechanical, fire, utility and environmental approvals remain separate; future phases require review.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, "reviewed": "October 8, 2026", "readinessReviewed": "2026-10-08", "evidence": [ "Government record", "Independent local reporting", "Independent specialist reporting" ] }, { "id": "raeden-project-taurus", "title": "RAEDEN Project Taurus", "location": "United States / Colorado / Colorado Springs — representative locality pin", "region": "Colorado", "country": "United States", "subregion": "Colorado", "continent": "North America", "coords": [ 38.83, -104.82 ], "precision": "Approximate locality only; not surveyed parcel, entrance or building coordinates", "company": "RAEDEN; 3G Venture II, LLC; Colorado Springs Utilities", "companyRoles": {}, "readiness": "Proposed / development", "status": "Conditional plan modification appealed; council decision deferred to April 13, 2027", "stage": "Conditional plan modification appealed; council decision deferred to April 13, 2027", "capacity": "Utility describes up to 72 MW infrastructure; 50 MW load interpretations differ; no delivered IT MW established", "milestone": "April 13, 2027 council action, final conditions, utility economics and tenant disclosure", "facts": [ { "issuer": "City of Colorado Springs", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": "2026-07-23", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://coloradosprings.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?FullText=1&GUID=853D9C19-EC34-4B05-9143-0ED4D10307E4&ID=8206955&Options=&Search=", "text": "Official docket created June 29, 2026 identifies owner 3G Venture II, LLC and applicant RAEDEN, DEPN-26-0039 / APPL-26-0003 / APPL-26-0004. July 23 conditional modification approval and appeal denial preceded timely further appeals. Docket hearing history does not clearly establish September disposition.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "RAEDEN", "publicationDate": "2026-09-18", "eventDate": "2026-09-17", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://raeden.com/raeden-statement-on-colorado-springs-project-taurus-city-council-hearing/", "text": "Developer acknowledges postponement of September 17 hearing until April 2027. Its $1.7 billion regional economic-impact estimate is a forecast, not construction budget or closed financing.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "KRDO", "publicationDate": "2026-09-17", "eventDate": "2026-09-17", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://krdo.com/news/2026/09/17/watch-colorado-springs-city-council-to-hear-project-taurus-appeals/", "text": "Original reporting establishes council’s 7–2 postponement to April 13, 2027. Planned noise mitigation is not completed infrastructure.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "CPR / KRCC", "publicationDate": "2026-09-16", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.cpr.org/2026/09/16/project-taurus-explainer/", "text": "Interviews utility, developer and residents. Utility describes up to 72 MW existing electrical infrastructure and about 50 MW expected consumption; developer describes 50 MW computer load plus auxiliaries. Terms confidential and tenant undisclosed. These scopes cannot be treated as delivered IT MW.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "CPR / KRCC", "publicationDate": "2026-07-24", "eventDate": "2026-07-23", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.cpr.org/2026/07/24/project-taurus-appeal-fails/", "text": "Original reporting records July 23 commission’s 6–2 appeal denial and noise controversy. September council postponement supersedes this earlier milestone; developer bond claims remain attributed.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true } ], "power": null, "demand": null, "funding": null, "model": "AI / data-center campus development", "economics": "Our analysis: reusing a former chip factory offers infrastructure potential, but a lengthy council delay increases carrying costs and timing uncertainty. RAEDEN’s $1.7 billion regional economic-impact estimate is not project capex, financing close or revenue. Confidential utility terms prevent a defensible site-level return model.", "gaps": "Final appellate land-use outcome, exact conditions, IT-versus-total load, customer identity, actual utility cost allocation, capex and financing are unresolved.", "readinessBasis": "Conditional plan modification appealed; council decision deferred to April 13, 2027; only the documented phase is classified.", "readinessSource": { "issuer": "KRDO", "publicationDate": "2026-09-17", "eventDate": "2026-09-17", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://krdo.com/news/2026/09/17/watch-colorado-springs-city-council-to-hear-project-taurus-appeals/", "text": "Original reporting establishes council’s 7–2 postponement to April 13, 2027. Planned noise mitigation is not completed infrastructure.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, "reviewed": "October 8, 2026", "readinessReviewed": "2026-10-08", "evidence": [ "Company disclosure", "Government record", "Independent local reporting" ] }, { "id": "beale-project-blue", "title": "Beale Project Blue / South Houghton campus", "location": "United States / Arizona / Tucson area / unincorporated Pima County — representative locality pin", "region": "Arizona", "country": "United States", "subregion": "Arizona", "continent": "North America", "coords": [ 32.1, -110.77 ], "precision": "Approximate locality only; not surveyed parcel, entrance or building coordinates", "company": "Beale Infrastructure; Humphrey’s Peak Properties LLC; Bobcat B1 LLC; Tucson Electric Power", "companyRoles": {}, "readiness": "Under construction", "status": "Site activity and site-construction permits documented; occupancy and customer service unverified", "stage": "Site activity and site-construction permits documented; occupancy and customer service unverified", "capacity": "290-acre campus; complaint cites 286 MW first-phase ESA electricity scope; delivered IT load unestablished", "milestone": "Phase-specific construction/inspection updates, durable water arrangements and delivered TEP/customer service", "facts": [ { "issuer": "Pima County Administrator", "publicationDate": "2026-04-23", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/32428b1b-4a81-444a-92a4-72b1fa039655", "text": "Original progress memorandum establishes June 17, 2025 specific-plan/acquisition approval and December 24 land closing, $20.85 million land proceeds. Attachment 2 lists permit statuses as of April 23: P25SC00120 issued site construction; P26BP01453 approved other structures; P25SC00140 and P26RW00417 corrections requested. Opened dates are not issuance dates. No building occupancy or delivered service is established.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Pima County Administrator", "publicationDate": "2025-12-24", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/7c75a978-756a-4ef6-9bb1-c08396da774d", "text": "Closing memorandum documents assignment from Humphrey’s Peak Properties LLC to affiliated Bobcat B1 LLC, obligations retained and funding in escrow. This contemporaneous memo expected closing that day; the later April memo confirms completion.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Arizona Corporation Commission", "publicationDate": "2026-01-21", "eventDate": "2025-12-03", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://azcc.gov/news/home/2026/01/21/acc-statement-on-applications-for-rehearing-re--tep-energy-supply-agreement", "text": "Docket E-01933A-25-0187 / Decision 81587: December 3, 2025 ESA approval stands after rehearing applications automatically denied. Staff’s no-cost-shift/reliability conclusions are regulator findings, not independent measured outcomes. Minimum billing and termination-security protections summarized; not energization.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Arizona Attorney General", "publicationDate": "2026-02-19", "eventDate": "2026-02-19", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.azag.gov/press-release/attorney-general-mayes-appeals-arizona-corporation-commissions-approval-tucson", "text": "Attorney General announces filed Maricopa County appeal on February 19, seeking to vacate ESA approval over disputed rate-setting authority. Attached complaint is dated February 18; court-stamped filing date/case identifier not established from that copy. Allegations are not judicial findings.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Beale Infrastructure", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://bealeinfra.com/location/pima-county/", "text": "Current issuer page identifies South Houghton campus / Project Bobcat, TEP service pathway and air-cooled closed-loop design. Reports Q1 2026 construction start and 2028 initial-building target; dates are company milestones. $3.6 billion investment and fiscal/job figures are forecasts, not capital raised or earned revenue.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "AZPM", "publicationDate": "2026-05-28", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://news.azpm.org/p/news-articles/2026/5/28/229919-arizona-water-officials-approve-wells-tied-to-project-blue-data-center/", "text": "Original journalism reports ADWR well approvals linked to Bobcat Tucson Water LLC and photographs site activity on April 24. Well permission is not whole-campus authorization; precise well identifiers were not established from primary records.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "AZPM", "publicationDate": "2026-05-06", "eventDate": "2026-05-04", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://news.azpm.org/p/azpmnews/2026/5/6/229644-project-blue-developers-improperly-used-tucson-water-city-has-shut-it-off/", "text": "Reports Tucson revoked a construction water meter on May 4 after disputed use. This is a construction-water issue, not proof of campus cancellation or completed operating-water arrangements.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Arizona Attorney General — complaint", "publicationDate": null, "documentDate": "2026-02-18", "eventDate": "2026-02-18", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.azag.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/Complaint.05.pdf", "text": "Original complaint, signed February 18, challenges Decision81587 and cites August25 ESA application for 286 MW first-phase electricity. Copy has no court case number or filing stamp. It establishes legal allegations/requested relief, not a judgment or measured operating IT load. Publication date not established; date retained is document signature date.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "KJZZ / Taylor Griffith", "publicationDate": "2026-09-24", "documentDate": "2026-09-24", "eventDate": "2026-09-24", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.kjzz.org/fronteras-desk/2026-09-24/last-attempt-at-rehearing-project-blues-energy-service-agreement-rests-on-maricopa-county-judge", "text": "Original court-hearing reporting describes September24 arguments over intervention timing and future ratemaking. Judge discussed clarification but issued no verdict at that hearing. This later document establishes active litigation, not a final outcome.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true } ], "power": { "issuer": "Arizona Corporation Commission", "publicationDate": "2026-01-21", "eventDate": "2025-12-03", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://azcc.gov/news/home/2026/01/21/acc-statement-on-applications-for-rehearing-re--tep-energy-supply-agreement", "text": "Docket E-01933A-25-0187 / Decision 81587: December 3, 2025 ESA approval stands after rehearing applications automatically denied. Staff’s no-cost-shift/reliability conclusions are regulator findings, not independent measured outcomes. Minimum billing and termination-security protections summarized; not energization.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, "demand": null, "funding": null, "model": "AI / data-center campus development", "economics": "County’s April memorandum confirms $20.85 million land-sale proceeds, a completed land transaction. Its up-to-$3.6 billion campus investment estimate remains a forecast, distinct from raised or spent capital. Our analysis: land control, visible works and approved power terms strengthen execution evidence, but disputed resource arrangements and an unidentified customer limit cash-flow confidence.", "gaps": "Ultimate customer, closed campus financing, current construction phase, issued well identifiers, executed operating-water arrangements, actual service MW, legal outcomes after September24 hearing and completion dates remain unestablished.", "readinessBasis": "Site activity and site-construction permits documented; occupancy and customer service unverified; only the documented phase is classified.", "readinessSource": { "issuer": "Pima County Administrator", "publicationDate": "2026-04-23", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/32428b1b-4a81-444a-92a4-72b1fa039655", "text": "Original progress memorandum establishes June 17, 2025 specific-plan/acquisition approval and December 24 land closing, $20.85 million land proceeds. Attachment 2 lists permit statuses as of April 23: P25SC00120 issued site construction; P26BP01453 approved other structures; P25SC00140 and P26RW00417 corrections requested. Opened dates are not issuance dates. No building occupancy or delivered service is established.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, "reviewed": "October 8, 2026", "readinessReviewed": "2026-10-08", "evidence": [ "Company disclosure", "Government record", "Independent local reporting" ] }, { "id": "beale-luckett-marana", "title": "Beale Luckett Road North / South", "location": "United States / Arizona / Marana / northwest Tucson region — representative locality pin", "region": "Arizona", "country": "United States", "subregion": "Arizona", "continent": "North America", "coords": [ 32.44, -111.21 ], "precision": "Approximate locality only; not surveyed parcel, entrance or building coordinates", "company": "Beale Infrastructure; Fremont Peak Properties LLC; TEP; Trico Electric Cooperative; Town of Marana", "companyRoles": {}, "readiness": "Approved / pre-construction", "status": "January rezoning survives September 29 appellate referendum decision; construction and power delivery unverified", "stage": "January rezoning survives September 29 appellate referendum decision; construction and power delivery unverified", "capacity": "Approximately 600-acre coordinated campus; 550–750 MW each parcel estimated demand, not committed IT load", "milestone": "Final plans, regulated service agreements, financing and independently documented construction", "facts": [ { "issuer": "Town of Marana", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": "2026-01-06", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.maranaaz.gov/Government/Data-Centers/Luckett-Road-North-and-South-Data-Centers", "text": "Official project page confirms October 2025 applications, December 10 recommendation and January 6, 2026 adopted rezoning. Two adjacent roughly 300-acre parcels form one coordinated campus. Lists landowners and office-only potable-water restriction. Estimates 550–750 MW each parcel; these are proposed electrical demand, not committed service or IT capacity.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Arizona Court of Appeals, Division Two", "publicationDate": "2026-09-29", "eventDate": "2026-09-29", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.appeals2.az.gov/Decisions/CV20260174Opinion.pdf", "text": "Opinion 2 CA-CV 2026-0174, superior case C20261567, affirms judgment rejecting incomplete referendum petitions and attempted committee withdrawal. Identifies Ordinances 2026-002 / 2026-003 adopted January 6, 2026 and Fremont Peak Properties LLC’s purchase contracts. Does not establish construction, service agreements or financing.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Beale Infrastructure", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://bealeinfra.com/location/marana/", "text": "Issuer identifies Luckett Road phased campus, TEP/Trico electricity pathways and planned private infrastructure funding. Construction Q1/Q2 2027 and initial occupancy late 2028/early 2029 are forecasts. Service agreements remain subject to ACC approval; customer and final building count not disclosed.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "AZPM", "publicationDate": "2026-01-08", "eventDate": "2026-01-06", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://news.azpm.org/p/azgovtnews/2026/1/8/227908-marana-town-council-approves-rezoning-for-luckett-road-project-600-acre-hyperscale-data-center/", "text": "Original council reporting establishes January 6 rezoning and identifies Fremont Peak Properties as Beale subsidiary. Former internal Jaguar West name is same Luckett campus. Caption year typo does not override actual 2026 meeting date.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "AZPM", "publicationDate": "2026-05-04", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://news.azpm.org/p/azpmnews/2026/5/4/229588-no-ballot-vote-for-marana-data-center-after-court-backs-town-clerks-decision/", "text": "Original reporting describes superior-court rejection of petitions and withdrawal request. September appellate opinion provides the later controlling documented milestone.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Chamber Business News", "publicationDate": "2026-10-01", "eventDate": "2026-09-29", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://chamberbusinessnews.com/2026/10/01/arizona-appeals-court-upholds-rejection-of-marana-data-center-referenda/", "text": "Reports appellate affirmation. Arizona Chamber participated as amicus; this is stakeholder-affiliated business coverage and is not used as independent corroboration. Primary court opinion supports the outcome.", "kind": "Stakeholder-affiliated reporting", "accessible": true } ], "power": null, "demand": null, "funding": null, "model": "AI / data-center campus development", "economics": "Beale projects significant tax receipts and private road/water/power improvements; those forecasts are not current income or financing close. Our analysis: surviving rezoning removes one documented entitlement challenge, but the large planned demand still requires utility infrastructure and cost allocation. No project lease revenue, incurred capex or utility earnings contribution is established.", "gaps": "Executed utility agreements, final tenant, ownership closing, financed capex, final building plans, construction authorization and delivered capacity remain unknown.", "readinessBasis": "January rezoning survives September 29 appellate referendum decision; construction and power delivery unverified; only the documented phase is classified.", "readinessSource": { "issuer": "Arizona Court of Appeals, Division Two", "publicationDate": "2026-09-29", "eventDate": "2026-09-29", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.appeals2.az.gov/Decisions/CV20260174Opinion.pdf", "text": "Opinion 2 CA-CV 2026-0174, superior case C20261567, affirms judgment rejecting incomplete referendum petitions and attempted committee withdrawal. Identifies Ordinances 2026-002 / 2026-003 adopted January 6, 2026 and Fremont Peak Properties LLC’s purchase contracts. Does not establish construction, service agreements or financing.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, "reviewed": "October 8, 2026", "readinessReviewed": "2026-10-08", "evidence": [ "Company disclosure", "Government record", "Independent local reporting", "Stakeholder-affiliated reporting" ] }, { "id": "gemini-sioux-falls", "title": "Gemini / Sioux Falls Technology Park", "location": "United States / South Dakota / Sioux Falls — representative locality pin", "region": "South Dakota", "country": "United States", "subregion": "South Dakota", "continent": "North America", "coords": [ 43.55, -96.73 ], "precision": "Approximate locality only; not surveyed parcel, entrance or building coordinates", "company": "Gemini Data Center SD LLC; Gemini Capital; Xcel Energy", "companyRoles": { "XEL": "Former land seller and potential utility counterparty; project service agreement and earnings unverified." }, "readiness": "Approved / pre-construction", "status": "Preliminary municipal plan approved; tenant, financed buildings and deliverable power unresolved", "stage": "Preliminary municipal plan approved; tenant, financed buildings and deliverable power unresolved", "capacity": "Approximately 164-acre conceptual site; contracted and operating IT MW unknown", "milestone": "Named tenant, approved utility agreement, capital commitment and building permits", "facts": [ { "issuer": "City of Sioux Falls Council", "publicationDate": "2025-12-16", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://amv.siouxfalls.gov/OnBaseAgendaOnline/Documents/DownloadFileBytes/City_Council_Meeting_4171_Agenda_12_16_2025_6_00_00_PM.pdf?documentType=1&meetingId=4171", "text": "Official agenda identifies rezoning 022049-2025, applicant Gemini Data Center SD LLC / Michael Anvar and planned data-center use. Recommendation, landscape and equipment screening provisions are planning context; agenda alone does not establish adoption.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "City of Sioux Falls — adopted resolution in official minutes", "publicationDate": "2026-01-06", "eventDate": "2026-01-06", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://amv.siouxfalls.gov/OnBaseAgendaOnline/Documents/ViewAgenda?doctype=2&meetingId=4182&type=minutes", "text": "Official January 6 minutes record adoption of amended Resolution 4-26 approving the preliminary Gemini Addition plan. The resolution limits any proposed data center to domestic water usage determined by meter size. Preliminary-plan approval does not establish a building permit, occupancy authorization or operating campus.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "SiouxFalls.Business / Jodi Schwan", "publicationDate": "2026-01-19", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://siouxfalls.business/sioux-falls-data-center-developers-detail-next-steps/", "text": "Original developer interview reports late-2023 land acquisition from Xcel, municipal approvals and very early stage without end user or final construction design. Study/substation funding claims are developer statements, not an approved utility service agreement.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "South Dakota Searchlight / Makenzie Huber", "publicationDate": "2026-04-02", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://southdakotasearchlight.com/2026/04/02/one-data-center-project-unchanged-while-another-doesnt-make-sense-after-rejected-incentives/", "text": "Original reporting says Gemini representative continued tenant recruitment despite rejected state tax incentives. Company assertion of unchanged project does not establish construction. Separate Applied Digital Toronto project paused with land agreement lapsing.", "kind": "Independent local reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Gemini / Sioux Falls Technology Park", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.sftechpark.com/faq", "text": "Issuer describes approximately 164-acre conceptual campus. Gemini develops land; future end users would construct/operate buildings. Power and tenant arrangements are unresolved. The previously reviewed 500 MW illustration was conceptual, not contracted capacity; that illustration was not visible in the FAQ text retrieved for this audit.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Xcel Energy 2024 annual report", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://s202.q4cdn.com/586283047/files/doc_financials/ar-interactive/2024-interactive/ar/PDF/xcel_energy-ar2024_0010.pdf", "text": "Utility annual-report page explicitly confirms Sioux Falls land sale to Gemini Capital. Report period 2024; publication date not established. No committed campus MW, signed supply terms or utility earnings contribution is established.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true } ], "power": null, "demand": null, "funding": null, "model": "AI / data-center campus development", "economics": "Xcel confirms a land sale to Gemini Capital, not contracted utility demand. No verified campus budget, closed financing, leases or earnings contribution is established. Our analysis: entitlement creates a land-development option; economics depend on a customer and infrastructure commitments, especially after the state rejected proposed tax incentives. No numerical return model is justified.", "gaps": "Tenant, executed supply agreement, MW, utility upgrades and allocation of costs, capex, financing, building permits and completion schedule are unknown.", "readinessBasis": "Preliminary municipal plan approved; tenant, financed buildings and deliverable power unresolved; only the documented phase is classified.", "readinessSource": { "issuer": "City of Sioux Falls — adopted resolution in official minutes", "publicationDate": "2026-01-06", "eventDate": "2026-01-06", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://amv.siouxfalls.gov/OnBaseAgendaOnline/Documents/ViewAgenda?doctype=2&meetingId=4182&type=minutes", "text": "Official January 6 minutes record adoption of amended Resolution 4-26 approving the preliminary Gemini Addition plan. The resolution limits any proposed data center to domestic water usage determined by meter size. Preliminary-plan approval does not establish a building permit, occupancy authorization or operating campus.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, "reviewed": "October 8, 2026", "readinessReviewed": "2026-10-08", "evidence": [ "Company disclosure", "Government record", "Independent local reporting" ] }, { "id": "intel-santa-clara", "title": "Intel Mission Campus / Santa Clara enterprise data centers", "location": "United States / California / Santa Clara — representative locality pin", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "subregion": "California", "continent": "North America", "coords": [ 37.39, -121.96 ], "precision": "Approximate locality only; not surveyed parcel, entrance or building coordinates", "company": "Intel; Silicon Valley Power / City of Santa Clara", "companyRoles": { "INTC": "Owner/operator and internal computing consumer; expansion funder. No commercial colocation revenue or campus earnings breakout established." }, "readiness": "Operating", "status": "Existing enterprise computing documented; incremental Juliette power allocation authorized and pending", "stage": "Existing enterprise computing documented; incremental Juliette power allocation authorized and pending", "capacity": "Existing 62 MVA utility allocation; planned +17 to 79 MVA no earlier than August 1, 2029; MVA is not IT MW", "milestone": "Executed agreement, transformer works and conditional incremental power acceptance", "facts": [ { "issuer": "City of Santa Clara", "publicationDate": "2025-05-27", "eventDate": "2025-05-27", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://santaclara.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?From=Alert&FullText=1&GUID=B230E06D-FB57-4D72-9E3B-DD74B5D2C6BE&ID=7409336", "text": "File 25-80, created January 7: consent approval May 27 authorizes manager to execute Juliette substation agreement. Existing 62 MVA allocation; planned 17 MVA addition to 79 MVA no earlier than August 1, 2029, conditional on System Expansion Plan and other terms. Intel funds all substation costs plus estimated $10 million load-development fee; SVP owns/operates infrastructure. Authorization does not prove execution or completion.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "DatacenterDynamics / Sebastian Moss", "publicationDate": "2025-06-04", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/intel-looks-to-fund-svp-substation-expansion-for-santa-clara-data-center-growth/", "text": "Specialist reporting describes utility expansion economics. Its approval-pending wording is superseded by the city’s recorded May 27 vote; neither story proves construction or energization.", "kind": "Independent specialist reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "DatacenterDynamics / Sebastian Moss", "publicationDate": "2019-03-13", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/inside-intel-silicon-fabrication-energy-efficient-data-center/", "text": "Original site visit/interviews document operating converted D2 fab and enterprise/chip-design computing. Historical 31 MW D2P3 and 5 MW D2P4 capacities are 2019 reported figures, not verified current load or separate campuses.", "kind": "Independent specialist reporting", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Intel IT", "publicationDate": "2021-07", "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/central-libraries/us/en/documents/intel-it-fuel-cells-alternative-energy-source-for-data-centers-paper.pdf", "text": "Operator white paper describes Santa Clara fuel-cell pilots including 2018 5 MW installation and later configurations. Historical company resilience claims do not establish current fleet, supplier contracts or Bangalore deployment at this campus.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true }, { "issuer": "Intel Explore Mission Campus", "publicationDate": null, "eventDate": null, "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://www.exploreintel.com/ca-sites/santa-clara", "text": "Primary campus page identifies D2P3/D2P4 and historical recycled-water/cooling practices. Metrics date to 2013–17; site build footer is not evidence of refreshed performance or current readiness.", "kind": "Company disclosure", "accessible": true } ], "power": null, "demand": null, "funding": null, "model": "Internal enterprise / engineering computing campus", "economics": "Intel funds substation expansion and an estimated $10 million load-development fee, separate from unspecified construction costs. Our analysis: this supports internal engineering infrastructure and utility capital requirements, not externally leased hyperscale revenue. No site-level INTC earnings, GPU contract or return model is established. Funding obligations are not verified actual expenditure.", "gaps": "Executed agreement, construction/procurement progress, actual spend, current IT load/hardware, fuel-cell fleet and incremental-power delivery remain unknown.", "readinessBasis": "Existing enterprise computing documented; incremental Juliette power allocation authorized and pending; only the documented phase is classified.", "readinessSource": { "issuer": "City of Santa Clara", "publicationDate": "2025-05-27", "eventDate": "2025-05-27", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "url": "https://santaclara.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?From=Alert&FullText=1&GUID=B230E06D-FB57-4D72-9E3B-DD74B5D2C6BE&ID=7409336", "text": "File 25-80, created January 7: consent approval May 27 authorizes manager to execute Juliette substation agreement. Existing 62 MVA allocation; planned 17 MVA addition to 79 MVA no earlier than August 1, 2029, conditional on System Expansion Plan and other terms. Intel funds all substation costs plus estimated $10 million load-development fee; SVP owns/operates infrastructure. Authorization does not prove execution or completion.", "kind": "Government record", "accessible": true }, "reviewed": "October 8, 2026", "readinessReviewed": "2026-10-08", "evidence": [ "Company disclosure", "Government record", "Independent specialist reporting" ] } ], "governmentRecords": [ { "project": "global-ai-weld", "agency": "Weld County Board of County Commissioners", "identifier": "USR26-0019", "recordType": "Use by Special Review", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": "2026-09-09", "status": "Final land-use approval", "url": "https://www.weld.gov/Newsroom/2026-News/Weld-County-Commissioners-approve-Global-AI-data-center-permit", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Global AI (Colorado), LLC", "scope": "Existing industrial facility / current application", "claim": "Permitted land use; future phases separate", "conditions": "Remaining building/electrical/mechanical/fire/utility/environmental approvals; noise/water standards continue." }, { "project": "global-ai-weld", "agency": "Town of Windsor", "identifier": null, "recordType": "Project/service status page", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": null, "status": "Conditional will-serve; agreement unexecuted", "url": "https://register.windsorgov.com/1452/AI-Data-Center-Project-Information", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Global AI linked through page", "scope": "Town water/wastewater and annexation pathway", "claim": "Conditional service status; outside town jurisdiction", "conditions": "July/August updates precede final county approval." }, { "project": "raeden-project-taurus", "agency": "Colorado Springs", "identifier": "DEPN-26-0039; APPL-26-0003; APPL-26-0004", "recordType": "Development-plan modification / appeals", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": "2026-07-23", "status": "Conditional commission action; council outcome deferred", "url": "https://coloradosprings.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?FullText=1&GUID=853D9C19-EC34-4B05-9143-0ED4D10307E4&ID=8206955&Options=&Search=", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "RAEDEN; owner 3G Venture II, LLC", "scope": "Corporate Ridge Lot 4", "claim": "Identity and procedural history", "conditions": "Docket created June 29; September17 postponement independently reported; detailed attachments inaccessible." }, { "project": "beale-project-blue", "agency": "Pima County", "identifier": "P25SC00120; P26BP01453; P25SC00140; P26RW00417", "recordType": "County progress memorandum / permit table", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": null, "status": "Issued/approved and correction-requested statuses as of April23", "url": "https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/32428b1b-4a81-444a-92a4-72b1fa039655", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "County verified Beale acquisition entities", "scope": "Current South Houghton site works", "claim": "Site-construction permit status; land closing confirmed", "conditions": "Opened dates not decision dates; other structures approval not campus occupancy; later statuses unknown." }, { "project": "beale-project-blue", "agency": "Pima County", "identifier": null, "recordType": "Closing and acquisition assignment memorandum", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": null, "status": "Closing expected in contemporaneous memo; confirmed by April report", "url": "https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/7c75a978-756a-4ef6-9bb1-c08396da774d", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Humphrey’s Peak Properties LLC / Bobcat B1 LLC", "scope": "One 290-acre campus", "claim": "Verified assignment/affiliation and obligations", "conditions": "Assignment December18; closing December24 confirmed later; not full campus financing." }, { "project": "beale-project-blue", "agency": "Arizona Corporation Commission", "identifier": "E-01933A-25-0187; Decision81587", "recordType": "ESA approval / rehearing status", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": "2025-12-03", "status": "Approved; rehearings automatically denied", "url": "https://azcc.gov/news/home/2026/01/21/acc-statement-on-applications-for-rehearing-re--tep-energy-supply-agreement", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "TEP / Beale Infrastructure Group", "scope": "Power ESA", "claim": "Regulatory approval and summarized protections", "conditions": "AG filed challenge announced February19; September24 hearing without verdict; later outcome/energization unverified." }, { "project": "beale-luckett-marana", "agency": "Town of Marana", "identifier": "Ordinances2026-002 / 2026-003", "recordType": "Rezoning", "filingDate": "2025-10", "decisionDate": "2026-01-06", "status": "Adopted rezoning", "url": "https://www.maranaaz.gov/Government/Data-Centers/Luckett-Road-North-and-South-Data-Centers", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Fremont Peak Properties LLC linked by court/reporting", "scope": "Adjacent North/South coordinated campus", "claim": "Local land-use action", "conditions": "Office-only potable water; planned electricity subject to regulated agreements. Filing date month only." }, { "project": "beale-luckett-marana", "agency": "Arizona Court of Appeals DivisionTwo", "identifier": "2 CA-CV2026-0174; C20261567", "recordType": "Appellate opinion", "filingDate": "2026-09-29", "decisionDate": "2026-09-29", "status": "Affirmed", "url": "https://www.appeals2.az.gov/Decisions/CV20260174Opinion.pdf", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Fremont Peak Properties LLC / citizen appellants", "scope": "Referenda on two rezoning ordinances", "claim": "Rejection of petitions/withdrawal upheld", "conditions": "Opinion not utility/permit authorization; further review status unknown." }, { "project": "gemini-sioux-falls", "agency": "City of Sioux Falls", "identifier": "022049-2025", "recordType": "Council agenda", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": null, "status": "Recommendation / scheduled action", "url": "https://amv.siouxfalls.gov/OnBaseAgendaOnline/Documents/DownloadFileBytes/City_Council_Meeting_4171_Agenda_12_16_2025_6_00_00_PM.pdf?documentType=1&meetingId=4171", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Gemini Data Center SD LLC / Michael Anvar", "scope": "Gemini Addition data-center use", "claim": "Project identity and planning requirements", "conditions": "Agenda not adopted decision." }, { "project": "gemini-sioux-falls", "agency": "City of Sioux Falls", "identifier": "Resolution4-26", "recordType": "Signed preliminary-plan approval", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": "2026-01-06", "status": "Approved; effective January30", "url": "https://amv.siouxfalls.gov/OnBaseAgendaOnline/Documents/ViewAgenda?doctype=2&meetingId=4182&type=minutes", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Gemini Data Center SD LLC linked via agenda", "scope": "Preliminary subdivision plan", "claim": "Adopted plan and domestic-water restriction", "conditions": "Developer-hosted original government record; no construction or service approval." }, { "project": "intel-santa-clara", "agency": "City of Santa Clara", "identifier": "File25-80; CIP2462", "recordType": "Substation agreement authorization", "filingDate": null, "decisionDate": "2025-05-27", "status": "Consent calendar approved", "url": "https://santaclara.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?From=Alert&FullText=1&GUID=B230E06D-FB57-4D72-9E3B-DD74B5D2C6BE&ID=7409336", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "Intel Corporation", "scope": "Juliette substation allocation/expansion", "claim": "Authorization and conditional economic structure", "conditions": "File created January7 not application filing; +17 MVA no earlier than Aug1 2029; all costs Intel; executed contract and delivery unverified." }, { "project": "beale-project-blue", "agency": "Arizona Attorney General / Maricopa County Superior Court", "identifier": null, "recordType": "Appeal announcement and signed complaint", "filingDate": null, "documentDate": "2026-02-18", "publicationDate": "2026-02-19", "decisionDate": null, "status": "Appeal announced filed; September24 hearing without reported verdict", "url": "https://www.azag.gov/press-release/attorney-general-mayes-appeals-arizona-corporation-commissions-approval-tucson", "documentUrl": "https://www.azag.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/Complaint.05.pdf", "reviewed": "2026-10-08", "applicant": "State of Arizona ex rel. Kristin K. Mayes", "scope": "ESA Decision81587 ratemaking/intervention challenge", "claim": "Filed challenge, allegations and requested relief", "conditions": "Complaint signature date February18 differs from February19 filing announcement; court-stamped date/case number and later outcome not established." } ], "held": [ { "candidate": "Second Intel computing campus / Jones Farm", "reason": "No precise project-specific government permit/utility record for actual computing facility; historical technical reference insufficient. Canceled $700m lab excluded." }, { "candidate": "Applied Digital Toronto, South Dakota", "reason": "Paused; land agreement lapse reported; no verified revival." }, { "candidate": "Leola crypto campus", "reason": "AI workload/customer relevance not established." } ], "limitations": [ "Unknowns remain visible; minimum sources do not imply operating status.", "Syndications count once; Chamber report is stakeholder-affiliated, not independent.", "Global AI utility and Taurus power scopes unresolved; detailed Taurus attachments unavailable.", "Sioux Falls signed government resolution reviewed via developer mirror; government minutes wrapper not counted.", "Intel historical capacities/fuel cells not current load; MVA never relabeled IT MW.", "Pins approximate locality; no exact entrance or surveyed coordinates." ] }